Response of the Shockley surface state to an external electrical field: A density-functional theory study of Cu(111)

The response of the Cu(111) Shockley surface state to an external electrical field is characterized by combining a density-functional theory calculation for a slab geometry with an analysis of the Kohn-Sham wavefunctions. Our analysis is facilitated by a decoupling of the Kohn-Sham states via a rotation in Hilbert space. We find that the surface state displays isotropic dispersion, quadratic until the Fermi wave vector but with a significant quartic contribution beyond. We calculate the shift in energetic position and effective mass of the surface state for an electrical field perpendicular to the Cu(111) surface; the response is linear over a broad range of field strengths. We find that charge transfer occurs beyond the outermost copper atoms and that accumulation of electrons is responsible for a quarter of the screening of the electrical field. This allows us to provide well-converged determinations of the field-induced changes in the surface state for a moderate number of layers in the slab geometry.Comment: 11 pages, 6 figures, 4 tables; accepted for publication by Phys. Rev. B; changes from v1 in response to referee comments, esp. to Sections I and V.B (inc. Table 4), with many added references, but no change in results or conclusion

Characterization of a Natural, Stable, Reversible and Colourful Anthocyanidin Network from Sphagnum Moss Based Mainly on the Yellow Trans‐Chalcone and Red Flavylium Cation Forms

Anthocyanins with various functions in nature are one of the most important sources of colours in plants. They are based on anthocyanidins or 3-deoxyanthocyanidins having in common a C15-skeleton and are unique in terms of how each anthocyanidin is involved in a network of equilibria between different forms exhibiting their own properties including colour. Sphagnorubin C (1) isolated from the cell wall of peat moss (Sphagnum sp.) was in fairly acidic and neutral dimethyl sulfoxide characterized by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and ultraviolet–visible (UV–vis) absorption techniques. At equilibrium, the network of 1 behaved as a two–component colour system involving the reddish flavylium cationic and the yellow trans–chalcone forms. The additional D- and E-rings connected to the common C15-skeleton extend the π-conjugation within the molecule and provide both bathochromic shifts in the absorption spectra of the various forms as well as a low isomerization barrier between the cis- and trans-chalcone forms. The hemiketal and cis-chalcone forms were thus not observed experimentally by NMR due to their short lives. The stable, reversible network of 1 with good colour contrast between its two components has previously not been reported for other natural anthocyanins and might thus have potential in future photochromic systems. This is the first full structural characterization of any naturally occurring anthocyanin chalcone form.publishedVersio

Conservation of phase space properties using exponential integrators on the cubic Schrödinger equation

The cubic nonlinear Schrödinger (NLS) equation with periodic boundary conditions is solvable using Inverse Spectral Theory. The nonlinear spectrum of the associated Lax pair reveals topological properties of the NLS phase space that are difficult to assess by other means. In this paper we use the invariance of the nonlinear spectrum to examine the long time behavior of exponential and multisymplectic integrators as compared with the most commonly used split step approach. The initial condition used is a perturbation of the unstable plane wave solution, which is difficult to numerically resolve. Our findings indicate that the exponential integrators from the viewpoint of efficiency and speed have an edge over split step, while a lower order multisymplectic is not as accurate and too slow to compete. © 2006 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved

Enhancement of thermoelectric properties by energy filtering: Theoretical potential and experimental reality in nanostructured ZnSb

Energy filtering has been suggested by many authors as a means to improve thermoelectric properties. The idea is to filter away low-energy charge carriers in order to increase Seebeck coefficient without compromising electronic conductivity. This concept was investigated in the present paper for a specific material (ZnSb) by a combination of first-principles atomic-scale calculations, Boltzmann transport theory, and experimental studies of the same system. The potential of filtering in this material was first quantified, and it was as an example found that the power factor could be enhanced by an order of magnitude when the filter barrier height was 0.5~eV. Measured values of the Hall carrier concentration in bulk ZnSb were then used to calibrate the transport calculations, and nanostructured ZnSb with average grain size around 70~nm was processed to achieve filtering as suggested previously in the literature. Various scattering mechanisms were employed in the transport calculations and compared with the measured transport properties in nanostructured ZnSb as a function of temperature. Reasonable correspondence between theory and experiment could be achieved when a combination of constant lifetime scattering and energy filtering with a 0.25~eV barrier was employed. However, the difference between bulk and nanostructured samples was not sufficient to justify the introduction of an energy filtering mechanism. The reasons for this and possibilities to achieve filtering were discussed in the paper

Temperature stability of intersubband transitions in AlN/GaN quantum wells

Temperature dependence of intersubband transitions in AlN/GaN multiple quantum wells grown with molecular beam epitaxy is investigated both by absorption studies at different temperatures and modeling of conduction-band electrons. For the absorption study, the sample is heated in increments up to $400^\circ$C. The self-consistent Schr\"odinger-Poisson modeling includes temperature effects of the band-gap and the influence of thermal expansion on the piezoelectric field. We find that the intersubband absorption energy decreases only by $\sim 6$ meV at $400^\circ$C relative to its room temperature value

Desarrollo de embriones de bovino obtenidos por fecundación in vitro cultivados con células oviductales o medio condicionado y transferidos a hembras receptoras

Se comparó el desarrollo in vitro de ovocitos obtenidos de ovarios de vaca de matadero, madurados, fecundados y cultivados in vitro bajo dos sistemas. Los ovocitos fueron cultivados en un medio de maduración a 39 °C, 5 % de CO2 y humedad relativa de 95 % durante 22 horas. Posteriormente, fueron incubados con espermatozoides seleccionados a través de una gradiente discontinua de Percoll. La tasa de maduración nuclear y fecundación fueron de 93,7 % (74/79) y 76,9 % (50/65) respectivamente. Un total de 252 ovocitos fecundados fueron cultivados in vitro. El porcentaje de desarrollo in vitro a las 2 días post-inseminación (embriones de 4-8 células) fue de 62,7 % (64/102) para los cigotos cultivados con células oviductales y de 67 % (100/150) para los cultivados en medio condicionado (P0,05). El porcentaje de desarrollo de mórulas fue de 17,6 % (18/102) para los cigotos cultivados con células oviductales y de 13,3 % (20/150) para los cultivados con medio condicionado (P0,05). Se obtuvo una tasa de desarrollo del 15,7 % (16/102) de blastocistos para aquellos cigotos cultivados con células oviductales. No se obtuvo blastocistos a partir de cigotos cultivados en medio condicionado. Cuatro blastocistos fueron transferidos a dos hembras receptoras. A los 42 y 57 días se encontró la presencia de un feto en cada hembraThe in vitro development of matured and fertilized bovine oocytes was compared between two culture systems. Oocytes were collected by aspiration of follicles of 3-8 mm in diameter using an 18g needle. After morphological selection the oocytes were incubated at 39 0C, 5 % C02 y 95 % relative humidity, during 22 hours. Afterwards, oocytes were incubated with spermatozoa selected by Percoll gradient system. The rate of nuclear maturation and fertilization was 93,7 % (74/79) and 76,9 % (50/65), respectively. A total of 252 zygotes were cultured, 102 with oviductal cells and 150 in conditioned medium. The in vitro development on day 2 of culture (4- or 8-cell embryos) was 62,7 % (64/102) for the zygotes co-cultured with oviductal cells and 66,7 % (100/150) for the zygotes cultured in conditioned medium. The development to the morula stage was 17,6 % (18/102) for the zygotes co-cultured with oviductal cells and 13,3 % (20/150) for the zygotes cultured in conditioned medium. A statiscally significant difference was not found in the development of 4, 8-cell embryos or morula. The development of embryos up to the blastocyst stage was 15,7 % (16/102) for the zygotes co-cultured with oviductal cells. Two blastocysts were transferred to the uterine horn ipsilateral to the CL in two recipients by non-surgical embryo transfer. Pregnancy was confirmed by ultrasonography at 42 and 57 days detecting the presence of one conceptus in each animal. This work has shown that in vitro inseminated of bovine oocytes with espermatozoa prepared with modified BO and co-cultured with oviductal cells, can develop to the blastocysts stage, unlike those that were cultured with conditioned medium. Finally, it is important to mention that this is the first communication in Chile of pregnancy after in vitro fertilization of bovine oocyte

Protein Inhibitors of Calcium Salt Crystal Growth in Saliva, Bile and Pancreatic Juice

The control of the formation of crystals in biological fluids is one of the most exciting field of research involving both organic and biochemical areas. Many organisms have evolved mechanisms which minimize or avoid the effects of nucleation and crystal growth formation. One of the most important mechanism is the interaction of specific proteins, called inhibitors, with crystals which alters their habits and leads to their elimination. This article, focused on saliva, pancreatic juice and bile, reviews our present knowledge on the structure-function relationships existing between these proteins and their ability to inhibit the growth of different calcium salt crystals

Benchmarking van der Waals Density Functionals with Experimental Data: Potential Energy Curves for H2 Molecules on Cu(111), (100), and (110) Surfaces

Detailed physisorption data from experiment for the H_2 molecule on low-index Cu surfaces challenge theory. Recently, density-functional theory (DFT) has been developed to account for nonlocal correlation effects, including van der Waals (dispersion) forces. We show that the functional vdW-DF2 gives a potential-energy curve, potential-well energy levels, and difference in lateral corrugation promisingly close to the results obtained by resonant elastic backscattering-diffraction experiments. The backscattering barrier is found selective for choice of exchange-functional approximation. Further, the DFT-D3 and TS-vdW corrections to traditional DFT formulations are also benchmarked, and deviations are analyzed.Comment: 15 pages, 9 figure

Evaluation of New Density Functional with Account of van der Waals Forces by Use of Experimental H2 Physisorption Data on Cu(111)

Detailed experimental data for physisorption potential-energy curves of H2 on low-indexed faces of Cu challenge theory. Recently, density-functional theory has been developed to also account for nonlocal correlation effects, including van der Waals forces. We show that one functional, denoted vdW-DF2, gives a potential-energy curve promisingly close to the experiment-derived physisorptionenergy curve. The comparison also gives indications for further improvements of the functionals

Understanding adhesion at as-deposited interfaces from ab initio thermodynamics of deposition growth: thin-film alumina on titanium carbide

We investigate the chemical composition and adhesion of chemical vapour deposited thin-film alumina on TiC using and extending a recently proposed nonequilibrium method of ab initio thermodynamics of deposition growth (AIT-DG) [Rohrer J and Hyldgaard P 2010 Phys. Rev. B 82 045415]. A previous study of this system [Rohrer J, Ruberto C and Hyldgaard P 2010 J. Phys.: Condens. Matter 22 015004] found that use of equilibrium thermodynamics leads to predictions of a non-binding TiC/alumina interface, despite the industrial use as a wear-resistant coating. This discrepancy between equilibrium theory and experiment is resolved by the AIT-DG method which predicts interfaces with strong adhesion. The AIT-DG method combines density functional theory calculations, rate-equation modelling of the pressure evolution of the deposition environment and thermochemical data. The AIT-DG method was previously used to predict prevalent terminations of growing or as-deposited surfaces of binary materials. Here we extent the method to predict surface and interface compositions of growing or as-deposited thin films on a substrate and find that inclusion of the nonequilibrium deposition environment has important implications for the nature of buried interfaces.Comment: 8 pages, 6 figures, submitted to J. Phys.: Condens. Matte